Icebo Lolawulo Lweekhonkco ze-AFC Landisa Ubomi kwaye Lithintele Ixesha Lokungasebenzi Elingacwangciswanga
Ikhonkco lemigodiinokwenza okanye ichithe umsebenzi. Ngelixa uninzi lweemigodi ze-longwall zisebenzisa ityathanga elingama-42 mm okanye ngaphezulu kwii-armored face conveyors zazo (ii-AFC), imigodi emininzi isebenza ngama-48 mm kwaye eminye isebenza ngetyathanga elikhulu njenge-65 mm. Ububanzi obukhulu bunokwandisa ubomi betyathanga. Abaqhubi be-longwall badla ngokulindela ukudlula iitoni ezili-11 lezigidi ezinobukhulu obungama-48 mm kunye neetoni ezingama-20 lezigidi ezinobukhulu obungama-65 mm ngaphambi kokuba ityathanga lisuswe ekusebenzeni. Ityathanga kwezi zikhulu libiza kakhulu kodwa lifanelekile ukuba iphaneli yonke okanye ezimbini zinokwembiwa ngaphandle kokuvalwa ngenxa yokusilela kwetyathanga. Kodwa, ukuba ityathanga liqhekeka ngenxa yokuphathwa gwenxa, ukuphathwa gwenxa, ukujonga okungafanelekanga, okanye ngenxa yeemeko zokusingqongileyo ezinokubangela ukuqhekeka koxinzelelo (i-SCC), ityathanga lijongene neengxaki ezinkulu. Kule meko, ixabiso elihlawulelwayo kuloo tyathanga liba lincinci.
Ukuba umqhubi we-longwall akasebenzisi ityathanga elingcono kakhulu kwiimeko zasemgodini, ukuvalwa okukodwa okungacwangciswanga kunokucima ngokulula naziphi na iindleko ezigciniweyo ezifunyenwe ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthenga. Ngoko ke umqhubi we-longwall ufanele enze ntoni? Kufuneka anikele ingqalelo esondeleyo kwiimeko ezithile zesiza aze akhethe ityathanga ngononophelo. Emva kokuba ityathanga lithengiwe, kufuneka achithe ixesha elongezelelweyo kunye nemali efunekayo ukulawula utyalo-mali ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kunokuhlawula iinzuzo ezibalulekileyo.
Unyango lobushushu lunokunyusa amandla etyathanga, lunciphise ukubuthathaka kwalo, lunciphise uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, lunyuse ukumelana nokuguguleka, okanye luphucule ukusebenza kwetyathanga. Unyango lobushushu luye lwaba yindlela yobugcisa entle kwaye luyahluka kumenzi ngamnye. Injongo kukufumana ulungelelwano lweempawu zesinyithi ukuze zilungele umsebenzi weemveliso. Ityathanga eliqiniswe ngokwahlukileyo yenye yeendlela ezintsonkothileyo ezisetyenziswa yiParsons Chain apho isithsaba setyathanga sihlala sinzima ukumelana nokuguguleka kunye nemilenze ukuba amatyathanga athambileyo ekwandiseni ukuqina kunye nokuguquguquka kwenkonzo.
Ukuqina kukukwazi ukumelana nokuguguleka kwaye kubonakaliswa yinombolo yobunzima beBrinell ngophawu lwe-HB okanye inombolo yobunzima beVickers (HB). Isikali sobunzima beVickers silingana ngokwenene, ngoko ke into engama-800 HV inzima ngokuphindwe kasibhozo kunenye enobunzima be-100 HV. Ngaloo ndlela ibonelela ngesikali esifanelekileyo sobunzima ukusuka kweyona nto ithambileyo ukuya kweyona inzima. Kwixabiso lobunzima eliphantsi, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-300, iziphumo zobunzima beVickers kunye neBrinell ziphantse zifane, kodwa kwixabiso eliphezulu iziphumo zeBrinell ziphantsi ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwe-ball indenter.
Uvavanyo lweCharpy Impact luvavanyo lokulinganisa ubulukhuni bezinto ezinokufunyanwa kuvavanyo lwempembelelo. Ikhonkco letsheyini liqhekeziwe kwindawo yokuwelda kwikhonkco kwaye libekwe endleleni yependulum ejikelezayo, amandla afunekayo ukuqhekeza isampuli alinganiswa ngokunciphisa ukujija kwependulum.
Uninzi lwabavelisi beetsheyini bagcina iimitha ezimbalwa ze-oda nganye yebhetshi ukuvumela uvavanyo olupheleleyo olutshabalalisayo ukuba lwenzeke. Iziphumo zovavanyo olupheleleyo kunye nezatifikethi zihlala zinikezelwa kunye netsheyini edla ngokuthunyelwa ngababini abalinganayo be-50-m. Ukwandiswa kwamandla ovavanyo kunye nokwandiswa okupheleleyo xa kwaphuka nako kudweliswa ngegrafu ngexesha lovavanyo olutshabalalisayo.
Uluhlu Olufanelekileyo
Injongo kukudibanisa zonke ezi mpawu ukuze kudalwe uthotho olufanelekileyo, oluquka ukusebenza okulandelayo:
• Amandla aphezulu okuxinana;
• Ukumelana okuphezulu kokuguguleka kwekhonkco langaphakathi;
• Ukumelana okuphezulu nomonakalo we-sprocket;
• Ukumelana okukhulu nokuqhekeka kwe-martensitic;
• Ukuqina okuphuculweyo;
• Ukwanda kobomi bokudinwa;
• Ukuchasana ne-SCC.
Nangona kunjalo, akukho sisombululo sigqibeleleyo, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusombulula ingxaki. Inqanaba eliphezulu lemveliso liya kubangela uxinzelelo oluhlala luphezulu, ukuba linxulunyaniswa nobunzima obuphezulu bokunyusa ukumelana nokuguguleka, liya kunciphisa ukuqina kunye nokumelana nokugqwala koxinzelelo.
Abavelisi bahlala bezama ukuphuhlisa ityathanga eliza kusebenza ixesha elide kwaye lisinde kwiimeko ezinzima. Abanye abavelisi bavuselela ityathanga ukuze lijongane neendawo ezirhabaxa. Olunye ukhetho yityathanga le-COR-X, elenziwe nge-vanadium, i-nickel, i-chromium, kunye ne-molybdenum alloy elwa ne-SCC. Okwenza esi sisombululo sibe sahlukileyo kukuba iipropati zokulwa nokurhabaxa koxinzelelo ziyafana kulo lonke ulwakhiwo lwetyathanga kwaye ukusebenza kwalo akutshintshi njengoko ityathanga lihamba. I-COR-X ibonakalise ukuba iyandisa ubomi betyathanga kakhulu kwiindawo ezirhabaxa kwaye iphelisa phantse ukusilela ngenxa yokurhabaxa koxinzelelo. Uvavanyo luye lwafumanisa ukuba amandla okuqhekeka nokusebenza ayanda nge-10%. Impembelelo ye-notch iyanda nge-40% kwaye ukumelana ne-SCC kuyanda nge-350% xa kuthelekiswa netyathanga eliqhelekileyo (DIN 22252).
Kukho iimeko apho ityathanga le-COR-X 48 mm lisebenzise iitoni ezili-11 lezigidi ngaphandle kokusilela okunxulumene netyathanga ngaphambi kokuba limiswe. Kwaye ukufakwa kwetyathanga le-OEM Broadband lokuqala yiJoy kwimayini ye-BHP Billiton San Juan kwakusebenzisa ityathanga le-Parsons COR-X elenziwe e-UK, ekuthiwa lathutha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20 lezigidi zeetoni ebusweni ngexesha lobukho balo.
Ikhonkco Elibuyela Umva Ukuze Kwandiswe Ubomi Bekhonkco
Eyona nto ibangela ukuguguleka kwetsheyini kukuhamba kwekhonkco ngalinye elithe nkqo lijikeleza ikhonkco lalo elithe tye elikufutshane njengoko lingena lize liphume kwi-drive sprocket. Oku kukwakhokelela ekugugulekeni okungakumbi kwinxalenye enye yeekhonkco njengoko zijikeleza kwi-sprocket, ngoko ke enye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokwandisa ubomi betsheyini esetyenzisiweyo kukujikeleza, okanye ukuyibuyisela umva nge-180º ukuze isebenze itsheyini kwicala elichaseneyo. Oku kuya kubeka imiphezulu "engasetyenziswanga" yeekhonkco ukuba isebenze kwaye oku kukhokelela kwindawo yekhonkco engagugi kangako kwaye oko kufana nobomi betsheyini ende.
Ukungalayishwa okungalinganiyo kwe-conveyor, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, kunokukhokelela ekugugulekeni okungalinganiyo kwiitsheyini ezimbini okubangela ukuba enye itsheyini iguguleke ngokukhawuleza kunenye. Ukuguguleka okanye ukolulwa okungalinganiyo kwenye okanye zombini iitsheyini ezimbini njengoko kunokwenzeka kwiindibano ezimbini zangaphandle kunokubangela ukuba iinqwelomoya zingahambelani, okanye zingahambi kakuhle njengoko zijikeleza i-drive sprocket. Oku kunokubangelwa nakukuguguleka kwenye yeetsheyini ezimbini. Oku kungakhokelela kwiingxaki zokusebenza, kunye nokubangela ukuguguleka okugqithisileyo kunye nomonakalo onokwenzeka kwii-drive sprockets.
Uxinzelelo lweNkqubo
Inkqubo yokuqinisa nokulungisa ecwangcisiweyo iyafuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba emva kokufakelwa izinga lokuguguleka kwetsheyini lilawulwa zombini iitsheyini zikhula ngenxa yokuguguleka ngesantya esilawulwayo nesithelekisekayo.
Phantsi kwenkqubo yolondolozo, abasebenzi bolondolozo baya kulinganisa ukuguguleka kwetyathanga kunye noxinzelelo, batshintshe ityathanga xa ligugulekile ngaphezulu kwe-3%. Ukuze siqonde ukuba eli nqanaba lokuguguleka kwetyathanga lithetha ukuthini ngokwenyani, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ebusweni obude obuziimitha ezingama-200, ukuguguleka kwetyathanga le-3% kuthetha ukwanda kobude betyathanga le-12 m kwintambo nganye. Abasebenzi bolondolozo baya kutshintsha nokuhambisa kunye nokubuyisela ii-sprockets kunye nee-strippers njengoko ezi ziguguleka okanye zonakele, bahlole inqanaba lebhokisi yegiya kunye neoyile kwaye baqinisekise, ngamaxesha athile, ukuba iibholithi ziqinile.
Kukho iindlela ezisemgangathweni zokubala inqanaba elichanekileyo le-pretension kwaye ezi zingqineka zisisikhokelo esiluncedo kakhulu kwixabiso lokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, eyona ndlela ithembekileyo kukujonga itshaneli njengoko ishiya i-drive sprocket xa i-AFC isebenza phantsi kweemeko zomthwalo opheleleyo. Itshaneli kufuneka ibonakale ibonisa ubuncinci be-slack (iikhonkco ezimbini) njengoko isuka kwi-drive sprocket. Xa inqanaba elinjalo likho, i-pretension kufuneka ilinganiswe, irekhodwe kwaye imiselwe ixesha elizayo njengenqanaba lokusebenza kwelo cala lithile. Ukufundwa kwe-pre-tension kufuneka kuthathwe rhoqo kwaye inani leekhonkco ezisusiweyo lirekhodwe. Oku kuya kubonelela ngesilumkiso kwangethuba sokuqala kokuguguleka okuhlukeneyo okanye ukuguguleka okugqithisileyo.
Iindiza ezigobileyo kufuneka zilungiswe okanye zitshintshwe ngaphandle kokulibazisa. Zinciphisa ukusebenza kwe-conveyor kwaye zinokubangela ukuba ibha iwele ngaphandle komdyarho osezantsi kwaye itsibe kwi-sprocket ibangele umonakalo kuzo zombini iitsheyini, i-sprocket, kunye neebha zokubhabha.
Abaqhubi beLongwall kufuneka bahlale beqaphele izihluzi zeetyathanga ezigugileyo nezinakeleyo njengoko zinokuvumela ityathanga eligobileyo ukuba lihlale kwi-sprocket kwaye oku kunokubangela ukuxinana nomonakalo.
Ulawulo lweTyeya luqala ngexesha lokufakwa
Imfuneko yomgca wobuso othe tye ayinakugxininiswa kakhulu. Nakuphi na ukuphambuka ekulungelelaniseni ubuso kusenokwenzeka ukuba kubangele ukuthambekela okwahlukileyo phakathi kweetyathanga ezijongene nobuso nezijongene ne-gob okukhokelela ekugugeni okungalinganiyo. Oku kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ebusweni obusandula ukusekwa njengoko iityathanga zihamba kwixesha "lokulala".
Xa sele kwenziwe ipateni yokuguguleka eyahlukileyo, akunakwenzeka ukuyilungisa. Amaxesha amaninzi, umahluko uyaqhubeka uba mandundu xa kunxitywa i-slack chain ukuze kubekho i-slack engaphezulu.
Iziphumo ezimbi zokubaleka nomgca wobuso ombi okhokelela kwiinguqu ezininzi kwicala ukuze kubonakale ngathi kukho icala zibonakaliswa ngokuphonononga amanani. Umzekelo, udonga olude oluyi-1,000-ft olune-42-mm AFC chain olune-links ezimalunga ne-4,000 kwicala ngalinye. Ukwamkela ukuba ukususwa kwe-interlink wear-metal kwenzeka kuzo zombini iziphelo zekhonkco. Ikhonkco linamachaphaza angama-8,000 apho isinyithi sigugiswa ziingcinezelo ze-interlink njengoko siqhutywa kwaye njengoko sishukuma ebusweni, sithwaxwa ngumthwalo okanye sihlaselwa kukugqwala. Ke ngoko, kuyo yonke i-1/1,000-intshi yokugugiswa senza ubude obuzii-intshi ezi-8. Naluphi na utshintsho oluncinci phakathi kwamazinga okugugiswa kobuso kunye nobuso, okubangelwa kukuxinana okungalinganiyo, luphindaphindeka ngokukhawuleza lube ngumahluko omkhulu kubude bekhonkco.
Ukugqunywa kabini kwi-sprocket ngaxeshanye kunokukhokelela ekugugulekeni okungafanelekanga kweprofayili yamazinyo. Oku kungenxa yokulahleka kwendawo entle kwi-sprocket yokuqhuba evumela ikhonkco ukuba lityibilike kumazinyo aqhubayo. Esi senzo sokutyibilika sinqumla kwikhonkco kwaye sikwanyusa izinga lokuguguleka kumazinyo e-sprocket. Nje ukuba imiselwe njengephethini yokuguguleka, inokukhawulezisa kuphela. Kwisibonakaliso sokuqala sokunqunyulwa kwekhonkco, ii-sprocket kufuneka zihlolwe kwaye zitshintshwe ukuba kufuneka zenziwe, ngaphambi kokuba umonakalo utshabalalise ikhonkco.
Uxinzelelo lwetyathanga oluphezulu kakhulu luya kubangela ukuguguleka okugqithisileyo kwityathanga nakwi-sprocket. Uxinzelelo lwetyathanga kufuneka lumiselwe kumaxabiso athintela ukudalwa kwetyathanga eligobileyo kakhulu phantsi komthwalo opheleleyo. Ezi meko ziya kuvumela ukuba ii-scraper bars "zicinywe" kunye nomngcipheko wokonakala kwe-sprocket yomsila okubangelwa kukuhlanganiswa kwetyathanga njengoko lishiya i-sprocket. Ukuba uxinzelelo lubekwe phezulu kakhulu kukho iingozi ezimbini ezicacileyo: ukuguguleka okugqithisileyo kwe-inter link kwityathanga, kunye nokuguguleka okugqithisileyo kwi-drive sprockets.
Uxinzelelo Olugqithisileyo Lweentambo Lunokuba Ngumbulali
Umkhwa oqhelekileyo kukusebenzisa ityathanga liqine kakhulu. Injongo kufuneka ibe kukujonga rhoqo i-pretension kunye nokususa i-slack chain ngee-link additions ezimbini. Ii-link ezingaphezulu kwesibini zingabonisa ukuba ityathanga libuthathaka kakhulu okanye ukususwa kwee-link ezine kungadala i-pretension ephezulu kakhulu eya kubangela ukuwohloka okukhulu kwe-interlink kwaye kuya kunciphisa kakhulu ubomi betyathanga.
Ukuba ulungelelwaniso lobuso lulungile, ixabiso loxinzelelo kwelinye icala akufuneki lidlule ixabiso kwelinye icala ngaphezulu kwetoni enye. Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lobuso kufuneka luqinisekise ukuba naluphi na umahluko lunokubanjwa lungadluli kwiitoni ezimbini kulo lonke ixesha lokusebenza kwekhonkco.
Ukwanda kobude ngenxa yokuguga kwe-interlink (ngamanye amaxesha okubizwa ngokuba “kukwandiswa kwetyathanga”) kunokuvunyelwa ukuba kufikelele kwi-2% kwaye kuqhubeke nokusebenza ngee-sprockets ezintsha.
Ubungakanani bokuguguleka kwe-interlink abuyongxaki ukuba i-chain kunye ne-sprockets ziyaguguleka kunye ngaloo ndlela zigcina ukuhambelana kwazo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuguguleka kwe-interlink kubangela ukuncipha komthwalo oqhekekayo we-chain kunye nokumelana nemithwalo yokutsha.
Indlela elula yokulinganisa ukuguguleka kwe-interlink kukusebenzisa i-caliper, ukulinganisa ngamacandelo amahlanu epitch kunye nokusebenzisa kwitshathi yokwandiswa kwe-chain. Iitsheyini ngokubanzi ziya kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba zitshintshwe xa ukuguguleka kwe-interlink kudlula i-3%. Abanye abaphathi bolondolozo abagcinayo abathandi ukubona itsheyini yabo idlula i-2% yokwandiswa.
Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwetsheyini luqala kwinqanaba lokufakelwa. Ukubeka esweni ngokucokisekileyo kunye nokulungiswa ukuba kuyimfuneko ngexesha lebhedi kuya kunceda ukuqinisekisa ubomi betsheyini obude nobungenazingxaki.
(Ngenceba kauEllton Longwall)
Ixesha lokuthumela: Sep-26-2022
