Isicwangciso soLawulo lwe-AFC chain sandisa uBomi kwaye sinqanda ixesha lokuphumla elingacwangciswanga
Ikhonkco lezemigodilungenza okanye lwaphule utyando. Ngelixa uninzi lwemigodi emide isebenzisa itsheyini le-42 mm okanye ngaphezulu kwizixhobo zokuhambisa ubuso ezixhobileyo (AFCs), imigodi emininzi ibaleka ngama-48-mm kwaye eminye ibaleka ngetyathanga elikhulu njenge-65 mm. I-diameters emikhulu inokwandisa ubomi bekhonkco. Abaqhubi be-Longwall bahlala belindele ukudlula i-11 yezigidi zeetoni kunye nobukhulu be-48-mm kunye ne-20 yezigidi zeetoni kunye nobukhulu be-65-mm phambi kokuba ikhonkco likhutshwe kwikhomishini. Itsheyini kobu bukhulu bukhulu iyabiza kodwa iyayixabisa ukuba ipaneli epheleleyo okanye ezimbini zingombiwa ngaphandle kokuvalwa ngenxa yokusilela kwetsheyini. Kodwa, ukuba ikhefu lekhonkco lenzeka ngenxa yolawulo olugwenxa, ukuphathwa kakubi, ukubeka iliso ngokungafanelekanga, okanye ngenxa yeemeko zokusingqongileyo ezinokubangela uxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking (SCC), umgodi ujongene neengxaki ezinkulu. Kule meko, ixabiso elihlawulwe kwelo tsheyina liba likhulu.
Ukuba umqhubi we-longwall akaqhubeki elona tsheyini lingcono kwiimeko zomgodi, ukuvalwa okukodwa okungacwangciswanga kunokucima ngokulula naluphi na ugcino lweendleko oluqokelelweyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthenga. Ke kufuneka enze ntoni umqhubi welonge? Bamele bahlawule ingqwalasela ngokucokisekileyo kwiimeko ezithile zesayithi kwaye bakhethe ikhonkco ngononophelo. Emva kokuba ikhonkco lithengiwe, kufuneka bachithe ixesha elongezelelweyo kunye nemali efunekayo ukulawula ngokufanelekileyo utyalo-mali. Oku kunokuhlawula izabelo ezibalulekileyo.
Ukunyangwa kobushushu kunokonyusa amandla etyathanga, kunciphise ubuqhophololo bawo, kuthomalalise uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, ukonyusa ukunganyangeki, okanye ukuphucula ukunyanzeliswa kwekhonkco. Ukunyanga ukushisa kuye kwaba yindlela yobugcisa obuhle kwaye iyahluka ukusuka kumenzi ukuya kumenzi. Injongo kukufumana ibhalansi yeempawu zetsimbi ukuze zihambelane kakuhle nomsebenzi weemveliso. Ikhonkco elinobunzima obuhlukeneyo ngenye yeendlela ezinobuchwephesha ezisetyenziswa yiParsons Chain apho isithsaba sekhonkco lekhonkco sihlala sinzima ukumelana nokunxiba kunye nemilenze ukuba amakhonkco athambileyo ekunyuseni ukuqina kunye ne-ductility enkonzweni.
Ukuqina kukukwazi ukuxhathisa ukuguga kwaye kubonakaliswa nokuba yinombolo yobulukhuni beBrinell ngesimboli HB okanye inombolo yokuqina kaVickers (HB). Isikali sobulukhuni beVickers sinomlinganiselo wokwenene, ngoko ke imathiriyeli ye-800 HV iphindwe kasibhozo njengobunzima bobulukhuni be-100 HV. Ngaloo ndlela inika isikali esinengqiqo sobunzima ukusuka kweyona nto ithambileyo ukuya kweyona nto inzima. Kumaxabiso obunzima obuphantsi, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-300, iziphumo zokuqina kwe-Vickers kunye ne-Brinell ziphantse zifane, kodwa kumaxabiso aphezulu iziphumo ze-Brinell zisezantsi ngenxa yokugqwethwa kwe-indenter yebhola.
Uvavanyo lweMpembelelo ye-Charpy ngumlinganiselo wobunzima bezinto ezinokufunyanwa kuvavanyo lwempembelelo. Ikhonkco yekhonkco iqatshelwe kwindawo ye-weld kwikhonkco kwaye ibekwe kwindlela ye-swinging pendulum, amandla afunekayo ukuphuka i-specimen ilinganiswa ngokunciphisa i-swing ye-pendulum.
Uninzi lwabavelisi betsheyini bagcina iimitha ezimbalwa zomyalelo webhetshi nganye ukuvumela uvavanyo olupheleleyo olutshabalalisayo ukuba lwenzeke. Iziphumo zovavanyo ezipheleleyo kunye nezatifikethi zidla ngokubonelelwa kunye netsheyini eqhele ukuthunyelwa ngeenqanawa ezihambelana ne-50-m. Ukolulwa kumandla ovavanyo kunye nobude obupheleleyo ekuqhekezeni kwakhona kufakwe igrafu ngexesha lovavanyo olutshabalalisayo.
Elona khonkco liphezulu
Injongo kukudibanisa zonke ezi mpawu ukudala ikhonkco eliphezulu, elibandakanya ukusebenza okulandelayo:
• Amandla okuqina aphezulu;
• Ukuchasana okuphezulu kwi-internal link wear;
• Ukuchasana okuphezulu kumonakalo we-sprocket;
• Ukumelana okukhulu nokuqhekeka kwe-martensitic;
• Ukuphuculwa kokuqina;
• Ukonyuka kobomi bokudinwa; kwaye
• Ukuchasa i-SCC.
Nangona kunjalo, akukho sicombululo esinye esigqibeleleyo, kuphela ukulungelelaniswa okuhlukeneyo. Iqondo eliphezulu lesivuno liya kukhokelela kuxinzelelo oluphezulu olushiyekileyo, ukuba lunxulunyaniswa nobunzima obuphezulu bokunyusa ukuxhathisa ukunxitywa, kuya kuthambekela ekunciphiseni ukuqina kunye nokumelana noxinzelelo lwe-corrosion.
Abavelisi bahlala bezama ukuphuhlisa ikhonkco eliza kuhamba ixesha elide kwaye lisinde kwiimeko ezinzima. Abanye abavelisi bafaka ikhonkco ukuze bajongane neendawo ezinobungozi. Enye inketho yi-COR-X chain, eyenziwe kwi-patented vanadium, nickel, chromium, kunye ne-molybdenum alloy fights SCC. Yintoni eyenza esi sisombululo sibe sodwa kukuba iipropathi ezichasene noxinzelelo lwe-corrosion ziyafana kulo lonke ulwakhiwo lwentsimbi yekhonkco kwaye ukusebenza kwayo akutshintshi njengoko ikhonkco linxiba. I-COR-X ibonakalise ukuba yonyusa ubomi betyathanga kakhulu kwindawo ezonakalisayo kwaye isusa ngokupheleleyo ukusilela ngenxa yoxinzelelo loxinzelelo. Iimvavanyo ziye zafumanisa ukuba ukuphulwa kunye nokusebenza kwamandla kunyuswa nge-10%. Impembelelo yeNotch inyuswe nge-40% kwaye ukuchasana ne-SCC kwanda nge-350% xa kuthelekiswa nekhonkco eliqhelekileyo (DIN 22252).
Kukho iimeko apho ikhonkco le-COR-X 48 mm liqhube i-11 yezigidi zeetoni ngaphandle kokusilela okunxulumene netyathanga phambi kokuba irhoxiswe. Kwaye yokuqala OEM Broadband chain ufakelo ngu Uvuyo kwi BHP Billiton San Juan mgodi wabaleka Parsons COR-X chain eveliswe UK, leyo kuthiwa uthuthe ukuya kwi 20 million toni ukusuka ebusweni ngexesha lobomi bayo.
Reverse Chain Ukwandisa uBomi bamakhonkco
Oyena nobangela wokunxitywa kwekhonkco kukushukuma kwekhonkco ngalinye elithe nkqo elijikelezayo malunga nekhonkco elisecaleni elithe tye njengoko lingena kwaye lishiya i-drive sprocket. Oku kukhokelela ekunxityweni ngakumbi kwinqwelomoya enye yamakhonkco njengoko ejikeleza kwi-sprocket, ngoko ke enye yeendlela ezisebenzayo zokwandisa ubomi betsheyini esetyenzisiweyo kukujikeleza, okanye ukuyibuyisela umva i-180º ukuqhuba ikhonkco kwelinye icala. . Oku kuya kubeka imiphezulu "engasetyenziswanga" yekhonkco ukuya emsebenzini kwaye ibangele indawo yekhonkco egugileyo kwaye ilingana nobomi obude bekhonkco.
Ukulayishwa okungalinganiyo komthumeli, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, kunokukhokelela ekunxibeni okungalinganiyo kumatyathanga amabini abangela ukuba elinye ikhonkco linxibe ngokukhawuleza kunomnye. Ukungalingani kokunxiba okanye ukolula kuyo nayiphi na okanye omabini amatyathanga amabini njengoko kunokwenzeka ngeendibano ezingamawele zangaphandle kunokubangela ukuba iinqwelomoya zingahambelani, okanye ziphume kwinqanaba njengoko zijikeleza i-drive sprocket. Oku kusenokubangelwa kukuba elinye lamatyathanga mabini liye lixega. Oku kuphuma kwi-balance effect kuya kukhokelela kwiingxaki zokusebenza, kunye nokubangela ukuguga okugqithisileyo kunye nomonakalo onokwenzeka kwii-sprockets zokuqhuba.
System Tensioning
Inkqubo yoxinzelelo kunye nokugcinwa okucwangcisiweyo iyafuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba emva kofakelo isantya sokunxitywa kwetsheyini silawulwa ngawo omabini amatyathanga asolulwa ngenxa yokuguga ngesantya esilawulwayo nesithelekisekayo.
Phantsi kwenkqubo yolondolozo, abasebenzi bolondolozo baya kulinganisa ukunxitywa kweetsheyini kunye netension, endaweni yetsheyini xa inxibe ngaphezulu kwe-3%. Ukuxabisa ukuba eli nqanaba lokunxiba lithetha ukuthini ngokwenyani, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba kwi-200-m longwall face, i-chain wear ye-3% ithetha ukunyuka kwe-chain ubude be-12 m kwi-strand nganye. Abasebenzi bolondolozo baya kuthatha indawo yee-sprockets kunye nee-strippers zokuhambisa njengoko ezi zigugile okanye zonakele, bahlole i-gearbox kunye nomgangatho we-oyile kwaye baqinisekise, ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo, ukuba iibholithi ziqinile.
Kukho iindlela ezisekwe kakuhle zokubala inqanaba elichanekileyo lokuzenzisa kwaye ezi zingqina zisisikhokelo esiluncedo kakhulu kumaxabiso okuqala. Nangona kunjalo, eyona ndlela inokuthenjwa kukujonga ikhonkco njengoko ishiya i-drive sprocket xa i-AFC isebenza phantsi kweemeko zomthwalo opheleleyo. Ikhonkco kufuneka libonwe libonisa nje ubuncinci be-slack (amakhonkco amabini) njengoko ihluba ukusuka kwi-drive sprocket. Xa inqanaba elinjalo likhona ukulinganisa kufuneka kulinganiswe, kurekhodwe kwaye kusetelwe ixesha elizayo njengomgangatho wokusebenza kobo buso. Ufundo lwaphambi koxinzelelo kufuneka luthathwe rhoqo kwaye inani lamakhonkco asusiweyo lirekhodwe. Oku kuya kunika isilumkiso kwangethuba ukuqala kokunxiba okwahlukileyo okanye ukunxitywa okugqithisileyo.
Iinqwelomoya ezigobileyo kufuneka zilungiswe okanye zitshintshwe ngaphandle kokulibazisa. Banciphisa ukusebenza komqhubi kwaye kunokubangela ukuba ibha yehla kugqatso olusezantsi kwaye ixhume kwi-sprocket ebangela umonakalo kuwo omabini amatyathanga, i-sprocket, kunye nemivalo yokubhabha.
Abaqhubi be-Longwall kufuneka bahlale bephaphile kwii-strippers ezigugileyo kunye nezonakeleyo njengoko banokuvumela i-slack chain ukuba ihlale kwi-sprocket kwaye oku kungabangela ukuxinana kunye nomonakalo.
Ulawulo lwekhonkco luqala ngexesha loFakelo
Isidingo somgca wobuso othe ngqo asikwazi ukugxininiswa. Nakuphi na ukutenxa kulungelelwaniso lobuso kunokwenzeka ukuba kubangele ukulingana phakathi kwamatyathanga obuso kunye ne-gob-side akhokelela ekunxibeni okungalinganiyo. Oku kunokwenzeka ngakumbi kubuso obusandul' ukusekwa njengoko amatyathanga ehamba ngexesha "lokulala".
Nje ukuba ipateni yokunxiba yokwahluka yenzekile phantse akunakwenzeka ukuyilungisa. Rhoqo kunoko umahluko uyaqhubeka nokuba mandundu ngokunxitywa kwekhonkco elithambileyo ukwenza ukucotha ngakumbi.
Imiphumo emibi yokuqhuba kunye nomgca wobuso ombi okhokelela ekuhlukeni okugqithisileyo kwicala lezinto ezicatshangelwayo zecala zibonakaliswa ngokuphonononga amanani. Njengomzekelo, i-1,000-ft longwall ene-42-mm AFC chain enamalunga nama-4,000 amakhonkco kwicala ngalinye. Ukwamkela ukuba i-interlink yokunxiba-intsimbi yokususwa kwenzeka kuzo zombini iziphelo zekhonkco. Itsheyini inamanqaku angama-8,000 apho isinyithi sinxitywa luxinzelelo lwe-interlink njengoko luqhutywa kwaye njengoko lungcangcazela ebusweni, luthwaxwa ngumthwalo owothusayo okanye lwenziwa luhlaselo oludlakazayo. Ke ngoko, kwi-1/1,000-intshi nganye yokunxiba senza ii-intshi ezisi-8 zokwanda kobude. Naluphi na utshintsho oluncinane phakathi kwamazinga okunxitywa kobuso kunye ne-gob-side, obangelwa kukungavisisani okungalinganiyo, ngokukhawuleza kuphindaphindeka ukuya kutshintsho olukhulu kubude bekhonkco.
Ukubunjwa kabini kwi-sprocket ngaxeshanye kunokukhokelela ekunxityweni ngokungafanelekanga kweprofayili yamazinyo. Oku kungenxa yokulahleka kwendawo entle kwi-drive sprocket evumela ikhonkco ukuba lityibilike kumazinyo okuqhuba. Esi senzo sokutyibilika sisika kwikhonkco kwaye sinyusa izinga lokunxiba kumazinyo e-sprocket. Emva kokuba isungulwe njengepatheni yokunxiba, inokukhawulezisa kuphela. Kwisibonakaliso sokuqala sokusika ikhonkco, ii-sprockets kufuneka zihlolwe kwaye zitshintshwe ukuba zifuna ukuba, ngaphambi kokuba umonakalo utshabalalise ikhonkco.
I-chain pretension ephezulu kakhulu iya kubangela ukuguga okugqithisileyo kuwo omabini amakhonkco kunye ne-sprocket. Ukwenziwa kwetyathanga kufuneka kumiselwe kumaxabiso anqanda ukuyilwa kwetsheyini elixega kakhulu phantsi komthwalo opheleleyo. Iimeko ezinjalo ziya kuvumela imivalo ye-scraper ukuba "ikhutshwe" kunye nomngcipheko wokulimala kwi-sprocket yomsila obangelwa yi-chain bunching njengoko ishiya i-sprocket. Ukuba ukuzenzisa kubekwe phezulu kakhulu kukho iingozi ezimbini ezicacileyo: ukunxitywa kwe-inter link ebaxiweyo kwikhonkco, kunye nokuguga okubaxiweyo kwi-drive sprockets.
Uxinzelelo lweChain olugqithisileyo lunokuba ngumbulali
Umkhwa oqhelekileyo kukuqhuba ikhonkco kakhulu. Injongo kufuneka ibe kukujonga rhoqo i-pretension kunye nokususa i-slack chain ngokunyuka kwamakhonkco amabini. Ngaphezulu kwamakhonkco amabini angabonisa ukuba ikhonkco lalicolile kakhulu okanye ukususwa kwamakhonkco amane kuya kudala i-pretension ephezulu kakhulu enokubangela ukunxitywa kwe-interlink enzima kwaye kuya kunciphisa kakhulu ubomi bekhonkco.
Ukucinga ukuba ukulungelelaniswa kobuso kulungile, ixabiso lokuzenzisa kwelinye icala akufanele lidlule ixabiso kwelinye icala ngaphezu kweetoni enye. Ulawulo olululo lobuso kufuneka luqinisekise ukuba nawuphi na umahluko unokubanjwa ungabi ngaphezu kweetoni ezimbini kubomi bokusebenza betsheyini.
Ukunyuka kobude ngenxa yokugqoka i-interlink (ngamanye amaxesha kubhekiselwa ngokungalunganga ngokuthi "i-chain stretch") inokuvunyelwa ukuba ifikelele kwi-2% kwaye iqhube ngee-sprockets ezintsha.
Iqondo lokunxitywa kwe-interlink akuyongxaki ukuba ikhonkco kunye ne-sprockets zinxiba kunye ngaloo ndlela zigcina ukuhambelana kwazo. Nangona kunjalo, ukunxitywa kwe-interlink kukhokelela ekunciphiseni komthwalo wokuqhawula amatyathanga kunye nokuchasana nemithwalo yokothuka.
Indlela elula yokulinganisa ukunxitywa kwe-interlink kukusebenzisa i-caliper, ukulinganisa kumacandelo amahlanu e-pitch kunye nokusebenzisa kwitshati yobude betsheyini. Amatyathanga ngokubanzi aya kuqwalaselwa ukutshintshwa xa ukunxitywa kwe-interlink kudlula i-3%. Abanye abaphathi bezolondolozo abalondolozayo abathandi ukubona ikhonkco labo lidlula ubude be-2%.
Ulawulo olululo lwekhonkco luqala kwinqanaba lofakelo. Ukubeka iliso elibukhali kunye nezilungiso ukuba kuyimfuneko ngexesha lokulala kuya kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ubomi obude kunye nobunzima bekhonkco.
(Ngenceba yeEllton Longwall)
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-26-2022